Savoie - Petit Comté will become Grand - Herodote.net

Who would've believed that ?Savoy, now reduced to two French departments, succeeded during the previous millennium in emancipating from its powerful neighbors, France and Saint Empire, until it itself becomes the matrix of a great state, Italymodern !

Romaine, Frankish then Burgonde, Savoy fell into the Holy Empire handle in the year millet.At the same time, a Lord managed to raise him to the rank of county.It was the first representative of the Maison de Savoie, who was going to reign until 1946.

In the space of three centuries, the Alpine lordship raised itself to the same rank as the Duchy of Burgundy to finally surpass it.By a game of alliances and strategies, it further increased its power when Duke Emmanuel-Philibert, known as "Iron Head" (a whole program) transferred its capital from Chambéry to Turin, on the other side of the Alps.Thus, from French, the principality became Italian, passionately, until unifying the peninsula in 1861...

Charlotte Chaulin

La Savoie médiévale intègre le Saint Empire

Around the 3rd century AD.-VS.The term "sapaudia" appears ("country of fir trees") to designate the mountainous region east of Lugdunum (Lyon) and Rhône.From there derives the name of Savoy.Following trying battles, the Roman Empire concedes the region to Burgundians.

It then joined the Frankish Kingdom of Clovis in 534 then the Charlemagne Empire in the 9th century.The Treaty of Verdun (843) organizes the sharing of the Empire between its grandsons.Savoy returns to Lothaire I.In 888, she was part of the kingdom of Burgundy.

The Ottonian dynasty, which then reigns over the Holy Empire, is close to the kings of Burgundy.Emperor Otton I married in 951 Adelaide, the daughter of King Rodolphe II.The Ottonian sovereigns arise as protectors of the kingdom of Burgundy and are increasingly interfering in his business by a system of alliances and by maintaining the cult of Saint Maurice, boss of the Burgundy monarchy.

The supervision is such that Rodolphe III of Burgundy lends in 1016 a tribute of hands to the emperor Henri II and promises to leave him his succession if he came to die without heir.

Promised thing, thing due.In 1032 Rodolphe III died without direct heir and left his crown to the Emperor Conrad II Le Salique, son of Henri II.The kingdom of Burgundy then joined the Holy Empire.But the Ottonian power comes up against the resistance of a large part of the Savoyard aristocracy, including a particular character, the famous Humbert Ier.

L’émergence de la Maison de Savoie

In 996, the bishop of Moutiers having received county power over the region, it was raised to the rank of county.At the beginning of the 11th century, the county fell to a remarkable warrior who will remain in history under the name of Humbert I in the White Halls.He is the historic leader of the Maison de Savoie, who would come from a local Gallo-Roman family.

Rewarded for having helped Rodolphe III then Conrad II Le Salique, Humbert I extends his possessions to part of the Maurienne, Chablais, Tarentaise.

By weddings, purchases and at the price of wars, the count and his descendants will methodically enlarge their domain and acquire territories on each side of the Alps.Count Thomas I of Savoy buys the town of Chambéry on March 5, 1232 and endowed it a few years later with its first municipal charter.

Pierre de Savoie, younger son of Thomas I, receives great nails and, with his wealth, he begins the submission of the country of Vaud, north of Lake Geneva.This is how it stitches the territory with strong castles all built on the same model, in the form of a square, with walls or courtyards on the sides and towers at the corners;One, larger than the others, acts as a dungeon.In front of courtyards, secondary walls or braies hold possible attackers at a distance.

By their functional and quasi-industrial character, these "Savoyard squares" are reminiscent of the “Philippiian” castles including Philippe Auguste, in the previous generation, endowed the island of France.The first of them, still in excellent condition, is erected in Yverdon, on Lake Neuchâtel.

In 1295, Count Boniface installed its central administration in the castle of Chambéry, making the city the new capital of the Savoyard State.Its successors will take great care to renovate the building which will take a new dimension in the 14th century by large -scale work.

To maintain its privileged position, strategically located between France, the Holy Empire and Italy, the Savory dynasty plays diplomacy and returns its jacket many times, going from one camp to another during the medieval struggles between the Empire andThe Holy See.

Its changing policy allows it to extend its territory and its influence.In the 14th century, the emperor Charles IV granted counts the title of "imperial vicars" of the kingdom of Arles but they already prefer to extend to Italy.

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Between 1234 and 1355, the county of Savoy was in conflict with his neighbor, the county of Viennese (his holder carries the title of dolphin).The Count of Savoie Édouard takes advantage of the minority of the Dauphin du Viennois, Guigues VIII, to besiege the castle of Varey.Finally repelled by his enemies, he fled.The war having ruined the two parties, the successor of Guigues VIII sells the Dauphiné to the King of France Philippe VI of Valois in 1349.

The Dauphin Charles V then ends hostilities with the Savoyards by signing a peace treaty in 1355 with Count Amédée VI (1343-1383) which sets the limits of Savoy and Dauphiné.He inaugurates the period of territorial apogee of Savoy and extends the county to Bern, Lyon, Nice and Milan.The wife of Amédée VI, Bonne de Bourbon, had Ripaille castle built around 1370 on the edge of Lake Geneva.This castle becomes the main residence of the Counts of Savoy.

To Amédée VI, known as the "Count Vert", succeeds his son Amédée VII (1383-1391), says the "Red Count".He buys the county of Nice in 1388, which gives his states a maritime outlet.

The Savoyard territory having extended a lot and the ruling dynasty having gained respect for his peers, the emperor Sigismond pupil Amédée VIII (1391-1440) to the dignity of Duke and Prince of the Empire.The ceremony takes place in the courtyard of the castle of Chambéry, on February 19, 1416, in the presence of all the Barons and Vassaux Savoisiens.

Amédée VIII takes the opportunity to enlarge his duchy by buying the county of Genevois in 1401 and by recovering the Piedmont in 1418 following the extinction of the male line of the younger branch of Savoie-Piémont.By its acquisitions, it is considered one of the main founders of the State of Savoy.His influence and his reputation for virtue are such that he will also exercise the function of pope (or more exactly antipape) between 1439 and 1449 under the name of Félix V.

En Savoie, place aux femmes !

Salic law (DICO) prohibits women from accessing the throne but when the crown falls to a child, they can ensure the regency.And this often happens, which allows women of the Maison de Savoie to win very early on politics.

• Adelaide of Susse (1015-1091), daughter of the Marquis de Susa and wife of Othon, the son of Humbert I, enlarges the territory by bringing the cities of Susa and Turin as a dowry.It ensures the regency of Savoy in the name of several of her sons for thirty years and ensures mediation between power and papacy, being in relation to Pope Grégoire VII.

The women of Savoy have a direct political role but above all indirect by the influence they exert on their husbands.As the alliances usually pass through marriages, many have married members of European royal families.This is the case of the four daughters of Béatrice de Savoie and the Count of Provence Raymond-Bérenger.

• Marguerite de Provence (1221-1295), married in 1244 the king of France Louis IX (future Saint Louis).His sister, Béatrice (1231-1267) marries the brother of Louis IX, Charles d'Anjou.

• Eleonore (1223-1291), married in 1236 the king of England Henri III Plantagenêt and his sister Sancie marries the brother of Henri III, Richard de Cornouailles.Richard was elected king of the Romans in 1257 but the pope prefers to him Alphonse X of Castile.

• At the end of the 14th century, Bonne de Bourbon (1341-1402), daughter of Duke Pierre de Bourbon and the sister of the King of France Philippe VI, illustrated in construction and architecture by transforming the hunting mansionde Ripaille in a magnificent castle where the Dukes of Savoy will accommodate.

• Daughter of Duke Philippe II of Savoy, Louise de Savoie (1476-1531) marries Charles of Orleans, Duke of Angoulême, the cousin of the King of France Louis XII.They give birth to one of the greatest kings in France in the Renaissance, François Ier.During the Italian wars (1494-1559), she moved to Lyon, at the Convent of Ainay, and ensures the kingdom's regency in the absence of her son.

• Finally, among the famous Savoisiennes, the daughter of Henri IV, Christine de France (1606-1663) marries Victor-Amédée I of Savoy and ensures the regency of their two sons for more than twenty-five years.Sister of Louis XIII, she plays her intelligence to maneuver in the face of the pressures exerted by her family and her duchy by his royal husband and his successor Louis XIV.

Tilting to Italy

At the turn of the 15th century, Italian ties are strengthened by the Wedding of Bonne de Savoie with the Duke of Milan, Philippe-Marie Visconti.This alliance promotes expansion to the Pôpus plain.Tilting to Italy is all the more accentuated as French pressure is increased in the time of Louis XI (1423-1483).And the French neighbor is becoming more and more invasive.

In 1501, to consolidate his neutrality between France and the Holy Roman Empire, the young Duke of Savoie Philibert II the beautiful wife in second marriage the archduchess Marguerite of Austria, daughter of the emperor Maximilien I and aunt of the future emperorCharles V, of which she will be very close.The two spouses, 20 years old, will love each other with passion until the premature death of Philibert, in 1504.In tribute to her beloved (and her parents-in-law), Marguerite will have the "royal monastery" of Brou, masterpiece of flamboyant Gothic, erect near Bourg-en-Bresse..

During the Italian wars (1494-1559), the Duchy of Savoy is occupied by François Ier who takes advantage of the strategic position of the Cols of the Alps to descend to Italy.In 1536, the King of France annexed La Bresse, Bugey and Val Romey and installed his administration in Savoy.Duke Charles III has no choice but to install his provisional capital in Turin.

Savoy shines again during the reign of its ninth son, Duke Emmanuel-Philibert who recovers the territories lost by his father.He led the army of Charles Quint against the French at the Battle of Saint-Quentin in 1557. Cette victoire et la signature du traité de Cateau-VSambrésis en 1559 lui permettent de récupérer ses territoires cisalpins.

As a reward, he takes Marguerite de Valois as wife, daughter of François Ier and sister of the King of France Henri II, who does not ask for better...Wedding not only brings her a loving wife but allows her to recover the Piedmont.Other peace treaties in the 1560s are favorable to him and he notably resumed the country of Gex, the Genevan and the Chablais.In the following decade, he still wins Tende and Oneglia.

He distributes the administration of the duchy on each side of the Alps by installing a Senate in Chambéry and another in Turin.Finally, eager to move away from his a little too invasive in-laws, he abandons Chambéry, far too exposed, for Turin.

Turin, capitale idéale de la Renaissance

Turin was founded by the Romans under the name of Augusta Torinorum.She kept beautiful vestiges from the ancient era like the Palatine door but then became an unimportant town.For its inhabitants, the arrival of the Dukes of Savoy looks like a fairy tale: on February 7, 1563, Emmanuel-Philibert and Marguerite made a solemn entry into their new capital and twenty years later, the architectVitozzi begins the construction of the ducal palace.

Around this one, the new capital of the States of Savoy will therefore be the subject of a remarkable urban planning program, with a checkered plan, large avenues bordered by arcades and a classic architecture, according to the gunsRenaissance ideals, theorized by Léon Battista Alberti (de Re ædificatoria, 1485) and Andrea Palladio (I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura, 1570).The necropolis of the dynasty, hitherto located in the Abbey of Hautecombe, on the banks of Lake Bourget, moves to Superga, very close to Turin, thus concretizing the Italian destiny of the Maison de Savoie.

Thus Turin stands out from cities that grew up in the Middle Ages in a more or less spontaneous way.Under the impetus of the Dukes, it reached at the end of the 16th century 90,000 inhabitants and became one of the major European capitals.In a wooded and hilly environment, on the banks of the Pô, it remains today one of the most beautiful cities in Italy, excellently endowed with cultural and heritage places.

Birth of Modern Savoy

Fervent Catholic, Emmanuel-Philibert establishes an absolute monarchy favorable to the counter-reform.He is part of a religious renewal illustrated by Saint Francis de Sales, an illustrious preacher also native of Savoy.The Duke is launching a new tax to create new tax resources and thus raise its states occupied by the French for twenty-three years.

Nicknamed "Iron Head", he is the founder of Modern Savoy, a centralized state, on the model of large European monarchies.It divides its states into seven provinces and, in a century when the national languages flourish, it replaces the use of Latin in the official documents by the Italian, for the county of Nice and the Piedmont, and by the French forSavoy and Val d'Aosta.By these capital decisions, historical Savoy will be faithful to a French tropism.The Val d'Aosta, also French -speaking but located on the other side of the Alps, will remain Italian with a very generous autonomy status.

But this splendid period is short -lived.Charles-Emmanuel I, son and successor "Iron Head", wishes to put the free republic of Geneva, rebellious and over the Calvinist market.On January 17, 1601, in Lyon, he signed a treaty with the King of France Henri IV to ensure his neutrality at the price of the Bresse, Bugey, Valromey and the country of Gex, then headed his army towards Geneva.But he misses his attack on the city on December 12, 1602.

This is the end of the Savoyard aims in Geneva and the Swiss Confederation.Under the name of "Climbing Day", this Calvinist victory is still commemorated each year by the Genevans.

In the middle of the 17th century, while the plague wreaks havoc in Europe, the daughter of King Henri IV, Christine de France, ensures the regency of the Duchy of Savoy.The lords rebel and the duchy is plagued by a civil war which will last six years.Savoyards are increasingly perceiving their French neighbor as an invader.

In the 18th century, the Savory dynasty continued its "adaptation" strategy by stating a blow on the side of France, a blow against it, in order to protect its interests.Except when Victor-Amédée I (1630-1637) approaches a little too much from Richelieu and places Savoy unwittingly under a kind of French protectorate.

The pride of the Dukes of Savoy takes a hit.To restore the independence of its territory, the Duke Victor-Amédée II (1675-1730) entered the Great Alliance against Louis XIV following the Treaty of The Hague of 1701.Savoy is then faced with France in the Spanish War of Succession.

A new CAP is crossed in 1713: the treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt concentrate the title of King of Sicily to the Duke of Savoy.Five years later, Savoy exchanges Sicily for Sardinia and the Duke of Savoy thus became king of Piedmont-Sardinia.Forgotten Savoy and the French -speaking domain, this is the house of Savoy fully Italian!

On the other hand, it was alongside France that she was fighting a few years later in the Poland Succession War, then alongside Austria in the Austrian War of Austria.A paid strategy that allows the dynasty to guarantee its borders.

Duke Victor-Amédée III (1773-1796) opposes the French Revolution.He welcomes emigrants to the revolution in his country.But in 1792, revolutionary France managed to recover Nice and Savoy.Savoy becomes the department of Mont-Blanc and is divided into seven districts (Annecy, Carouge, Chambéry, Cluses, Moûtiers, Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne and Thonon).

De l’unité italienne à la Savoie française

At the fall of Napoleon in 1816, Savoy was finally returned to its former sovereigns: the kings of Piedmont-Sardinia.By the Treaty of Turin of March 16, 1816, Victor-Emmanuel I of Savoy cedes part of the municipalities of Genevois for the creation of the Canton of Geneva and also provides for the neutralization of North Savoy in the event of conflict.

Eager to enhance the prestige of his capital, the king buys the collection of Egyptian antiquities of the French consul in Cairo, Bernardino Drovetti.Judiciously advised by Champollion, he will provide Turin with the largest Egyptian museum in Europe!It is today one of the main centers of attraction in Turin, next to the art museums installed in the old royal palace.

In the 1830s, King Charles-Albert created two administrative divisions in historic Savoy, that of Annecy and that of Chambéry.A prefiguration of the current administrative division.

But the king of Piedmont-Sardinia, illusion by the "Spring of the Peoples", believes the time to release and unify the Italian peninsula under his scene.He failed pitifully in Novare against the Austrian troops on March 23, 1849, and abdicated the same evening in favor of his son, Victor-Emmanuel II.

The latter, happier in business, will first bring his country back to diplomatic game by intervening alongside the French and the English in the Crimean War.Late and symbolic participation but which earned him to participate in the Paris Congress in 1856, alongside Napoleon III.

A good appetizer to win the emperor's alliance in the face of Austrians who dominate or occupy most of the Italian, Lombardy, Veneto, Tsocan etc.

A decisive deal in the history of Europe is set up between the emperor of the French and the king of Piedmont-Sardinia.Napoleon III promises Victor-Emmanuel II and his Prime Minister Cavour to help them forge Italian unity.The counterpart is the retrocession of Savoy and Nice to France.

In Solferino, on June 24, 1859, the Franco-Sardinian alliance prevailed against Austria of François Joseph Ier, who occupied venetia and lombardy and exercises a protectorate on the principalities of Central Italy, in Solférino.Italian unification is underway.

On March 24, 1860, Historical Savoy therefore returned to France by the Treaty of Turin.This transfer is confirmed by a plebiscite of the inhabitants.Savoy therefore forms the French departments of Savoie (chief town: Chambéry) and Haute-Savoie (chief town: Annecy).Abandoning its region of origin, the Savory dynasty now reigns over the kingdom of Italy.

On March 17, 1861, Victor-Emmanuel II, king of Sardinia, prince of Piedmont and Duke of Savoy, was proclaimed "King of Italy by the grace of God and the will of the nation".The Maison de Savoie thus inaugurates the new Italian state.

Having become fully French, the Savoyards suffer the full force of the Great War, even if the territory is not affected by the fighting and despite the statutes of neutrality in northern Savoy of 1815.About 20,000 men lost their lives between 1914 and 1918 with a peak of mortality in 1917.

By article 435 of the Treaty of Versailles, France removes the neutralized zone in Savoy, established in 1815 and renewed by the Treaty of 1860.Then begins a dispute that the permanent court of International Justice of Hague comes to settle in 1932 by condemning France and by inviting it to replace the free zone in northern Savoy.In particular, it allows Savoyards to sell their products on the Geneva markets without having to pay customs duties.

Savoy is sheltered from the German invader at the start of the Second World War, but on June 10, 1940, Mussolini declared the entry into war of Italy.Italians occupy the region and the Germans then take over.The Haut-Savoyard maquis was very active in 1943, but human losses are important, as well as the material losses caused by the bombings of Chambéry and Modane.

Victor-Emmanuel III of Savoy, king of Italy since 1900 following the assassination of his father, resigned himself to calling Mussolini at the head of the government.He loses the support of a large part of the Italian people.And that, despite Mussolini's arrest on his order on July 25, 1943.

Wishing to restore the image of the monarchy, Victor-Emmanuel III abdicated in favor of his son, Humbert II in 1946.But the Italians want a change of policy and make it known by preferring the Republic to the monarchy during the plebiscite of June 2, 1946.

Humbert II's deposition on June 13 of the same year signed the end of the Maison de Savoie.

La Savoie inspire les belles lettres

Savoy has been closely linked to the history of letters, as much of philosophy as of literature and poetry.The air of this region between lakes and mountains intoxicates its inhabitants as much as its visitors.The philosopher of the Enlightenment Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), born in Geneva, resides for ten years in Savoie, in Annecy and Chambéry.

Near the ancient ducal capital, you can visit the delightful mansion of the charms, where he lived the most beautiful years of his life with Mme de Warens.In his confessions (1782) he delivers a beautiful portrait of the Savoyard people: "As they are, it is the best and the most sociable people that I know.»»

The French poet Alphonse de Lamartine (1790-1869) arrived in 1816 in Aix-les-Bains, on the banks of Lac du Bourget, to treat a engorgement of the liver and palpitations of the heart.The region is already renowned for its health benefits.And Savoy puts him with a balm at the heart because it was there that he meets Julie Charles, the muse who inspires him Elvire in his poetic meditations (1820).Savoy is not for nothing in the success of romanticism!

Dans son célèbre poème « Le lac»», Lamartine évoque son lieu de rencontre avec sa bien-aimée, le lac du Bourget.Devastated by his death, he pours his feelings without suspecting that he will thus become the leader of the romantic movement.He also evokes various places that they have visited together as the cave which today bears his name, the Lamartine cave: "O lake!Mute rocks!Caves!Dark forest! You, whether time saves or can rejuvenate, keep this night, keep, beautiful nature, at least the memory! May may be in your rest, let it be in your thunderstorms, beautiful lake,and in the appearance of your laughing hillsides, and in these black fir trees, and in these wild rocks who hang on your waters.»» (« Le lac :», 1820)

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